DIPENDU  MONDAL

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Cyclone Mocha

 The IMD reports that a low-pressure region has formed over the southeast Bay of Bengal and adjacent South Andaman Sea on Monday, leading to the development of Cyclone Mocha.

     All of the Eastern states have been put on high alert as a deep depression in the Bay of Bengal is expected to build into a cyclonic storm across the southeast Bay of Bengal and neighboring parts of the east-central Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. On Monday, a low-pressure region emerged over the southeast Bay of Bengal and adjacent South Andaman Sea, per the India Meteorological Department (IMD).

The origin of the name "Cyclone Mocha"

  Named after the Red Sea port city credited with spreading coffee over the globe more than 500 years ago, Cyclone Mocha (Mokha) was suggested by Yemen. Notably, Cyclones are given different names in different regions.

    The United Nations Economic and Social Commission (ESCAP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) agreed on a standard for naming cyclones. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) states that names given to tropical cyclones in the Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere (Indian Ocean and South Pacific) alternate between female and male names, while names given in the Northern Indian Ocean are listed alphabetically by country and are not gendered.

                              FOREST RESOURCES

                                          DIPENDU MONDAL

  definition of forest and its  nature -- …. all lands bearing vegetative associations dominated by trees of any size ,exploited or not ,capable of producing wood or of exerting an influence on the local climate or On The Water regime, aur providing shelter for livestock and wildlife .it includes bamboo ,wattle ,Savanna types with average density of tree cover at least 0.05 per hectare .--World forest inventory , Rome

     The gathering of large trees over a wide area is called forest. According to FAO, gathering of different types of plants which can affect the local climate or water distribution, provide shelter to wildlife, provide timber to people, is called forest. To do this, such plants need to be grouped on at least 0.05 hectare of land per hectare.

       Temperature, rainfall, sunlight, soil and topography primarily control the nature and characteristics of forests. Population Decentralization The regional distribution of economic activity depends on the demand for land, the progress of urbanization, and so on.

      Forests are primarily a gift of nature. However, people in many parts of the world are working to create new forests for their own needs. All those man-made forests have been able to meet different needs.

      TOTAL  FOREST  COVER  OF  THE  WORLD-  According to World Development Indicators, the total forest cover in 2001 was 386 crore hectares.

      South America ranks first in the world in terms of forest size. 53.33% of the continent's total land area is covered by forests. Asia has only 18 percent of the world's forest area.

      According to world development indicators, tropical deforestation in Congo, Brazil, etc. is declining at an average rate of 0.4% per year.

The size of the forest according to the continent

South America - 87.89 crore  hectares

Europe------------89.16 crore hectares

North America - ------76.78 crore  hectares

Africa ------------------65.74 crore  hectares

Asia --------------------50.10 crore hectares

source --world development indicators, 2001

 ECONOMIC  AND  ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPORTANCE  OF  FOREST  RESOURCES-  Forests are used by people in many ways .So a major resource for other people .This is a livelihood in the developing world and commercial in the developed world.                             

         Wood is one of the most functional and omnipresent human materials. The woods used for the building industry and the various industrial and domestic applications for fibre-boards, chipboards, paper, newsprints and cardboards are the items produced from wood in any modern field of life.

    Wood is solid, lightweight, robust, versatile and simple to work as a building material. It has really strong isolating effects. In comparison, wood can be processed and shipped for structural and architectural use, such as mortar, concrete, metals and plastics with little energy required and green materials are typically bio-degradable .

          Wood is also important economically. In the previous decade, the global market for wood and wood goods has grown by 1 to 2% each year. In 1990, gross global industrial timber production amounted to approximately 1 600 million cubic meters, about three quarters of which were generated by developed countries. Paper production amounted to about 235 million tons and the production of wood paste amounted to 160 million tons; in both cases the developed world accounted for more than 80% of volume.

       They involve many who have spent centuries residing there, sometimes referred to as indigenous peoples or tribal peoppers. Lately, the community has come into the region, sometimes identified as migrants, squatters, or predators. The estimates differ over time and in multiple regions, but when it comes to forest conservation, both have to be taken into account.

      Unlike common beliefs, aboriginal people are not only hunter-gatherers, but may even be moving settlers, who have no effect on forests. They have typically been supported with a secure life by their conventional slash and burn fallow schemes, but with a poor quality of living while maintaining the simple frameworks of forestry. But the diminishing area of forest accessible for cultivation and increasing communities contributes to shorter fallow times and a less efficient method for citizens maintenance.

        Settlers are also "shifted" farmers who were unable to find the land sufficient for their roots to produce enough food. When they venture through the bush, owing to the lack of local understanding and traditional expertise in indigenous cultures, they are even more disruptive, easily weaning off a patch of land with farming methods that are insufficient for local circumstances. Some might primarily be involved to clear a field and sell the wood to raise sufficient money to establish a small company in the town. Others could be assisted by wealthy citizens who want to expand their lands to areas of woodland by clearing and declaring.

    Owing to the lack of heavy machinery, most pioneers cannot penetrate deep into thick forests; hence, they prefer to work on the margins. When roads are constructed into the trees, however, they offer settlers quick access to forestry, mining or transport. A significant part of the logging in the moist tropics takes place along these paths.

       Forests and forests play a major function at the local and even federal level in preserving the ecosystem. This especially applies to steep sloping rivers, in which the roots of the tree are essential for the binding and preservation of the soil.

          In addition to its local impacts, unregulated forest clearance from such upland areas can also have significant downstream implications. The degraded land provided by rivers and streams is stored largely in irrigation and hydropower reservoirs, diminishing capacity and shortening the existence of these expensive investment ventures.

   In places riddled with snow in winter, woods may also play a significant function. In the spring, forests lead to controlling the snow melts pace and at the same time reducing the chance of avalanches. For instance, in Colorado, United States, snowmelting control is considered to be the most important advantage of the forest cover on pistes during the spring.

         Trees will also offer certain environmental advantages at a local level. They provide wind erosion security. It will lead towards rising the rate of rain water runoff and groundwater recharge. Carefully utilized in agriculture systems, they preserve soil productivity as leaf fall recycles the nutrients provided by their roots to the top layer of the soil. They provide animals and humans a shelter; under the trees the microclimate may be more cold and humid than out of the shade. Mangroves defend their territories from sea erosion and offer spawning grounds for fish and shrimps in shoreline areas.

             Genetic fluid plays a vital part, as well as supplying humans with building blocks for selection and reproduction for adjusting plants and animals to diverse habitats and end uses; it provides a tampon for environmental adjustments . Intensive breeding and selection have been conducted for agricultural crop plants for improved production and uniformity for many years. While such choices may boost such traits in the short timeframe, genetically-developed pathogens can also limit their capacity to adapt to evolving environmental conditions (including attacks on pests and diseases) or to change human needs by utilizing more genetically standardized communities for several centuries. Consequently, the usage of narrowly-based genetic materials grown for short-term productive purposes must often be followed by protection by the creation of reserves and controlled resource areas and the incorporation of genetic conservation issues in improving and reproducing strategies.

  Definition of biodiversity-  Biodiversity is the sum total of all species of organisms located in a given area at a given time.

      Biodiversity is the variation that occurs on the basis of species in any wetland or terrestrial ecosystem or as part of all types of ecosystems.

      Biodiversity is the environment that is formed by the organisms and different types of ecosystems found in a particular habitat or in the entire world.

    The value of biodiversity - The importance of biodiversity in the environment is immense. This vast biodiversity of the world has economic, environmental and cultural value.

     Biodiversity is considered to be the capital of a country. Everything for human food, clothing and shelter needs material plants or animals. Around 2500 species of plants have been brought into agricultural work all over the world. .

        Every member of the ecosystem benefits people in one way or another. Biodiversity strengthens the economic infrastructure of a country. Helps to bring prosperity.

                                         geographywithdip.blogspot.com

 People are worshipers of beauty .This beauty of the natural environment is incomparable .Therefore thousands of people visit the zoo, botanical gardens, etc. every year.

     Every species on earth has the right to live .After birth, every living thing on this earth gradually completes its life cycle .And we leave the other species of Tatar until death.

      In 1993, India signed the CBD and some of the responsibilities and duties of conserving biodiversity in the country were imposed on the people. First, an account of the country's zip resources was compiled. But only fifteen to twenty percent of the amount .The remaining 80% is still unknown.

      Significance of biodiversity - Biodiversity is created depending on the environment. And we benefit from this biodiversity in many ways. Biodiversity has some major importance such as -

    Humans depend directly on plants and indirectly on various animal species for food .Therefore, we have to rely on the vast forest resources of the world .About 2500 species of plants have been brought under agriculture in the whole world. It is considered as the main food grain of human beings.

      The main components of most of the medicines used in the world today are different types of herbal ingredients. At present, about 25% of the medicines in the world are produced from about one hundred and twenty species of plants.

       In fact, biodiversity manages the food chain and food network of an ecosystem .By conserving biodiversity, it is possible to maintain the natural balance of a particular region.

      Accurate and large biodiversity purifies the economic structure of a country. Currently, the world's mega-diversity countries have established themselves as a developed and powerful country among the other countries in the United Nations. Indicative of prosperity.

       Humans are constantly enjoying the unique beauty of biodiversity. We have been learning about the beauty of biodiversity from various scriptures and poetry from the past. We do not fully realize the immense importance of biodiversity now. The countries are being severely neglected.